iand

Put <?php the_author_posts_link(); ?> or <?php the_author(); ?> inside the loop to show the author name. See the classic theme for an example. You might also want to check out
http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/

Just a guess:
<?php $posts = get_posts('numberposts=1'); foreach ($posts as $post) : ?>
<a href="#post-<?php the_ID(); ?>" target="_self"><?php the_title(); ?>...</a>
<?php endforeach; ?>

adjust numberposts=1 to suit.

You might want to look at the bad behavior plugin too – it seems to block all GET requests, so might dissuade people from testing your security again.

Try these:
http://wordpress.org/support/topic/30827#post-174239

Or are you looking for something like feedwordpress?

There was the blacklist peering plugin by LaughingLizard. Im not sure if it ever got beyond the prototype stage though.

That is because the default archive page uses the_excerpt, not the_content. I have seen a hack (read editing core-files) that converts the […] to a link here somewhere so some searching should turn it up.