Yes, it works now. Thank you!
I did the correction in the source code of include/lcp-category.php in line 62 in the plugin to:
$category = get_category( get_query_var( ‘cat’ ) );
as infinityx78 suggested in:
https://wordpress.org/support/topic/categorypageyes-is-not-detecting-the-correct-category-sometimes/
and now it works like expected and like before the update.
I just updated to the latest WordPress version 4.9.4, updated my theme and all plugins but the shortcode with categorypage=”yes” still does not work, sorry!