FWIW I’ve just solved mine too, at least I think I have. I was looking through other forums and suggestions and one of the common things that came up was to try disabling plugins. I disabled everything I had and reactivated them one by one.
It appears that my problem was something to do with a contact form named WP-Lightform. If I enable it, my visual editor disappears. If I disable it again, it’s back to normal.
I’m stuck with this too. I’ve tried the suggestions I’ve found in various forums including those mentioned above.
I’m using
Firefox 26.0
Chrome 31.0
Safari 5.17
All have no buttons for the visual editor and white text over a white background.