MichaelH

You could also install and activate this plugin: http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/page-links-to/

Then create a Page for each author, and in the Pages Links To put the URL for the author posts.

Also can use template tag, wp_list_authors(), to access the URL for each author.

Might need to expand on what’s not working for you.

Using the TwentyTen theme, with default Permalins, and with Settings->Writing set to 1 post page, when I visit a taxonomy archive (archive.php used from Twenty Ten) pagination works just fine.

Deactivate plugins and switch to the TwentyTen theme and check your category archives.

Try updating your Permalinks in Settings->Permalinks.

I don’t see the Edit link, at least on political/the-united-states-declaration-of-independence/

Create a Page Template with the code below, then create a Page called products, and assign that Template to that Page.

<?php
/**
 * Template Name: Page of Products
 *
 * Selectable from a dropdown menu on the edit page screen.
 */
?>

<?php get_header(); ?>

        <div id="container">
            <div id="content">

<?php
$type = 'products';
$args=array(
  'post_type' => $type,
  'post_status' => 'publish',
  'posts_per_page' => -1,
  'caller_get_posts'=> 1

$my_query = null;
$my_query = new WP_Query($args);
if( $my_query->have_posts() ) {
  while ($my_query->have_posts()) : $my_query->the_post(); ?>
    <p><a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to <?php the_title_attribute(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></p>
    <?php
  endwhile;
}
wp_reset_query();  // Restore global post data stomped by the_post().
?>
            </div><!-- #content -->
        </div><!-- #container -->

<?php get_sidebar(); ?>
<?php get_footer(); ?>

Don’t know about the translate part, but look at the Static Front page features (i.e. Posts Page) in your Administration > Settings > Reading

The ‘order’ clause does the sorting.

Consider downloading and installing Otto’s PHP Code Widget, then put that code in one of those widgets.