Hey bcworkz. Thanks for the information. I did some more investigating today and noticed that the issue wasn’t that the theme wasn’t grabbing the correct images from the uploads folder, it’s that the images it needs don’t exist.
The images actually weren’t being cropped. A simple Google search revealed that WordPress is dependent on the php-gd library. I installed this on my server and restarted Apache. Then, I re-uploaded the featured images and it worked perfectly.