FYI: I managed to “fix” it by replacing the markerclusterer.js library with a newer version: https://github.com/googlearchive/js-marker-clusterer/blob/gh-pages/src/markerclusterer.js
And I think it’s not the newest one, anyway. Apparently it’s recommended to use MarkerClustererPlus hosted by Google: https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/marker-clustering
Is there any chance for upgrading the library version in a future release?