I just tried something I didn’t think to try previously and have resolved this issue. The <IfModule mod_expires.c> block actually goes INSIDE the <VirtualHost> block. I’m good to go. Hopefully this helps someone else someday!
I slapped up a quick test page in /var/www/test on the server I’m referencing above as Proxy. I added the VirtualHost entry for it and then added the following to /var/www/test/.htaccess:
## EXPIRES CACHING ##
<IfModule mod_expires.c>
ExpiresActive On
ExpiresByType image/jpg “access plus 1 year”
ExpiresByType image/jpeg “access plus 1 year”
ExpiresByType image/gif “access plus 1 year”
ExpiresByType image/png “access plus 1 year”
ExpiresByType text/css “access plus 1 month”
ExpiresByType application/pdf “access plus 1 month”
ExpiresByType text/x-javascript “access plus 1 month”
ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash “access plus 1 month”
ExpiresByType image/x-icon “access plus 1 year”
ExpiresDefault “access plus 2 days”
</IfModule>
## EXPIRES CACHING ##
Pingdom’s web tool says browser caching is enabled on this test page. I don’t know if this is helpful or not in figuring out where the problem is.