Seems like I found a workaround. Adding
$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']='/MY_DOMAIN'. $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
to the wp-config.php file modifies the incomplete relative links in the backend.
Ok, I think I found a solution.
Whenever wordpress generates a relative link I have to add a prefix.
so that
/wordpress/wp-admin/media-upload.php?post_id=5&type=image&tab=library
becomes
/www.my-domain.com/wordpress/wp-admin/media-upload.php?post_id=5&type=image&tab=library
I examined the code for a while now and found multiple functions that seem to be responsible for link generation. But before I get started:
Is there a simple and short way to do this modification ?
Maybe I have overlooked something like a general function for link generation?