Could not find similar question on StackOverflow, by the way
In order to retrieve posts with custom post_type=attachment (produced by media-library-assistant plugin, in my case) you should add to the query a parameter post_status with the value inherit or any.
Like that:
$documents = Timber::get_posts([
'post_type' => 'attachment',
'post_status' => 'inherit'
// ...
]);