Greetings. I know this is a bit old, but to enable the Pagespeed Widget to work with W3TC:
Under the new Google Developer Console, you must use a BROWSER key.
Create an API key.
Use the BROWSER type.
Recommended to enter *.domain.com/* as the only site that can use your key.
Wait a bit.
Hope that helps!
They just pushed out 1.5.5.3 and fixed the issue. 🙂