It appears that the “#page=2” portion of my URL is stripped out.
Is it being stripped out by WordPress upon publishing, or by the browser upon clicking the link?
As far as I know, this is not an actual standard and browser support is not universal. See this Stack Overflow Q&A: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13427302/linking-from-a-web-page-to-a-specific-section-anchor-in-pdf-document
I just tried this using WordPress 5.0.3 and Twenty Seventeen theme on Windows 7 with Chrome 71, Firefox 64 and Internet Explorer 11 — and it worked on all of them. My caveat is I’m using the native PDF viewer of all these browsers: I don’t have any external PDF reader or plugin installed on my PC at all.
Are you able to provide the URL to the page with the PDF anchor link so that I can test from my end for you?
Nevermind, it appears a plugin was stripping the “page=2” for admins.