Five noob questions (part 1)

All of the modifications that you’ve listed can be done using CSS. Since you say that you’re a noob (although I don’t know if you’re a total noob when it comes to web design, or just a WP noob), here is what I suggest:

1. Learn some basic HTML and CSS. You can find good, basic tutorials here.
2. Learn how to use a web debugging tool like Firebug (a free extension for Firefox) or chrome developer tools (comes built-in with Chrome). I prefer Chrome DevTools, but both work very well. What these tools will allow you to do is see the structure of your site, and what CSS rules are currently affecting different elements on a page.
3. Either create a child theme or install a CSS plugin like JetPack or Custom CSS Manager. You never want to edit the theme’s files directly; if the theme gets updated because of feature enhancements, bug fixes, or security patches, then your changes will be lost. If you are just making CSS changes, then a plugin will suffice. If you’re thinking about making changes which affect the actual content that is output (i.e., changes which require code modifications), then you should create a child theme.

So once you master the first two items, and then either create a child theme or install a CSS plugin to hold your new CSS, it’s very simple to make the changes you need. For example, by examining the Disqus section at the bottom of a post, you’ll see that the section is contained within a DIV with an ID of disqus_thread, so all you need to do to add some spacing on the left & right sides (so it’s not butt-up against the edges of the content area), is to add this CSS rule to either your child theme’s style.css file, or to your custom CSS plugin:

#disqus_thread {
   margin: 0 20px;
}

Same with the Continue reading links. If you inspect them, they are all anchor tags (i.e., link tags) with a class of more-link, so to change the color to red (for example), you can add a rule like this:

a.more-link {
   color: #f00;
}

Once you master the above, there’s virtually nothing you can’t change, including the font family.

Did you clear your browser cache? Hit Ctrl-F5 to refresh the page. I see the changes. The “Continue reading” links are red, and when you go to the individual post, the Disqus comments have spacing on either side. If you inspect one of the “Continue reading” links using DevTools, you should see the child theme’s CSS rule at the top of the right pane.

As I said earlier, maybe it’s your browser’s cache. Try hitting Ctrl-F5 to refresh the screen after you’ve saved or uploaded your changes. I don’t see a cache plugin installed on your site, so that’s not a problem.

I think if you install WordPress through GoDaddy, it automatically installs a cache plugin. Take a look at your installed plugins to see if one is there, and then deactivate it. You can activate it once you’ve finished modifying your site. I have several WP sites hosted on GoDaddy, but I installed WP manually instead of through GoDaddy.

Also, you can edit the style.css file directly if you wish by going to Appearance > Editor from the dashboard. Most developers (like myself) like doing the editing on their computers and uploading through FTP, but if you want to do try something quick, you can skip the FTP step and work directly from the dashboard. The nice thing about editing on your computer is that you can use a code editor, which often will have features like automatic indentation, color coding, and missing bracket/parenthesis detection.

That’s very strange, I don’t see the same rule. I see this, which turns the author link green:

.publisher-anchor-color a {
color: rgb(36, 137, 13);
}

I give up on changing color of author. It seems that my style sheet doesn’t override the original style. Or maybe I’m doing something wrong.

I took a closer look and saw that the Disqus comments are embedded in an element called an iframe. You can’t change the CSS of the content of an iframe if the contents are from another site, which is the case of the Disqus comments (the contents come from disqus.com).

Sounds like you are learning lots, congratulations.