Featured image on admin dashboard?

You can add action links below the post title by hooking the filter ‘post_row_actions’ and adding an associative array key named for the action you want to add, with the value set to the HTML link to follow when the action is clicked. Your filter function is also passed the current $post object so you can include the appropriate URL parameters to the link.

It is also possible to add a column item, but it is a bit more involved and makes for an inconsistent user interface IMO. I’ve seen tutorials on doing this somewhere if you still want to pursue the column approach. I can dig up some information for you if you have trouble finding something.