I “solved” this the same night, but I got an error when I tried to reply :\
In response to Hella, Options -> Permalinks was already set to blank for Category Base. So here’s what I did do to “solve” my problem:
I had to change Category Base to anything but the default — in my case I chose “topics”. Now all permalinks work fine. To “fix” my example from above (http://www.aurallove.com/category/music/ is broken), the working URI is http://www.aurallove.com/topics/music/. Weird problem though. I wanted to post this in case anyone else has run into the same issue.