Since this page indexes pretty high for a search on how to remove post formats in a child theme, here’s the answer to your question:
// Remove post formats support
add_action('after_setup_theme', 'remove_post_formats', 11);
function remove_post_formats() {
remove_theme_support('post-formats');
}
Resolved my own problem. For anybody running into this issue in the future, the above code must be run outside of any function in your functions.php. Naturally I figured you must define this in one of the admin menu hooks, but that is not the case.