You can certainly hide it with custom CSS. But I’m wondering which lists you mean? In the page or post view, there are sorting options in the table header, but they are never under a checkbox. Can you show us what you see in a larger screenshot?
I tried to hide it with custom CSS but that doesn’t work.
I used the dev console to check for the CSS used and it gives me this as the class: check-column ui-sortable-handle
When I add that to the custom CSS and set it as display:none, it has no effect on the admin panel.
It isn’t everywhere that it shows this, but it is more often than not it shows. These all show in the admin panel. There is nothing in the screen options to hide these.
This isn’t from WordPress; I can’t see it anywhere in my view. I suspect that you are using a plugin that allows you to sort all entries in post types. I’m guessing it’s this one: https://wordpress.org/plugins/post-types-order/
Check your plugins to see if you have this plugin installed. If so, you just need to deactivate it to get rid of these arrows. However, if you actually need it somewhere, you can specify in its settings where the sorting should be displayed and where not.
It could also be another plugin, but that’s what comes to mind right away, as it adds exactly such arrows there.