Duplicated src image – WP Grid Builder

Hello,

I am encountering a surprising issue.
The entire cache section is disabled. No JS/CSS optimisation, etc.
Only the CDN is enabled for Bunny.

When I load my product grid, the images are served correctly via the CDN.

However, when I click on the “Load more products” button, whether via AJAX or Rest API, the images (src) are duplicated: https://pastebin.com/LSvUyGj0

I have disabled all the plugins around it and it doesn’t change anything.

I should point out that I am on a bedrock structure. So no wp-content but content.
But I don’t have this problem with the other images on the site.
WP Grid Builder tells me that it generates its URLs normally.

Thank you for your suggestions.