Image not displaying correctly on mobile—desktop view is fine

I ’ve got a WordPress site and it’s going great on desktop. But I noticed the image on the page /sim-registration-act/ doesn’t display properly on mobile, it either scales too large or cuts off. On desktop, it looks perfect.

Here’s what I’ve tried so far:

1. Checked that the image is responsive (using max-width: 100%, etc.).
2. Made sure the mobile theme isn’t overriding styles.
3. Disabled Jetpack’s mobile theme temporarily—still same issue.

Have you ever dealt with layout misbehavior for a specific image on mobile only? Could it be a CSS conflict, lazy-loading quirk, or something else? Any ideas for sniffing out the issue or a plugin that shows responsive breakpoints?

Appreciate any help, thanks!

The page I need help with: [log in to see the link]