Seperate Post Pages and Most recent displayed on H.P.

I need to be able to post to a specific page and then have that article/post/video be displayed in a section/sidebar of the Home page.

For example: If you look at my site provokethemind.com i want to be able to post to the “Thoughts” page and have the most recent post (from that page) be displayed as a excerpt on the Right Sidebar under the Search/Discover Bar.

This also goes for the “Problems” page. As i want the most recent thing i post on that page to be displayed under the Title “Problem of the Day” on the Homepage.

Note: I have no clue how to write code (i will learn if needed) and I am only two days into working with WordPress so please go easy. Thank you very much for any help.