I found a partial solution to this issue in this thread:
https://wordpress.org/support/topic/how-to-convert-the-header-to-be-an-overlay/
When editing individual pages, there is a menu in the lower right titled “Sydney page options” with the option “Transparent menu bar.”
This corrected the issue on the pages in question, but “Sydney page options” is not visible when editing posts. Not to mention I don’t relish the idea of editing 100+ posts just to check this box! Also, how would I enable this on an archive page? 🙁
In looking at the difference in the CSS between pages and posts, I find this on the pages, and not the posts:
@media (min-width: 1024px)
.transparent-header .main-header:not(.sticky-active):not(.is-sticky), .transparent-header .bottom-header-row:not(.sticky-active):not(.is-sticky) {
background-color: transparent;
}
.transparent-header .sticky-header.sticky-always {
position: fixed;
top: auto;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
transition: all 0.3s;
}
Obviously, the posts won’t have the .transparent-header class, since I can’t enable that option.
However, if I edit the bottom block slightly I can get the header-image to display in the correct position:
.sticky-header.sticky-always {
position: fixed;
top: auto;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
transition: all 0.3s;
}
I still can’t figure out how to edit the first block of CSS to get the header to be transparent, though.
Arrrrrgh. I finally found the answer I needed in this post:
https://wordpress.org/support/topic/after-latest-theme-update-header-update-no-more-transparent-header/
Interestingly, I definitely did NOT select the “Upgrade Theme Header” option when updating because I liked what I had! And although I tried reinstalling the theme, it was already broken before that.
I hope that future updates don’t change the way the header works!