Duplicated (tripled) featured image on single event page

I’m having issues with multiple featured images shown on single event page. I’m using child theme and this code to insert featured image to post and pages:

add_filter('the_content', 'put_thumbnail_in_posting');
function put_thumbnail_in_posting($content) {
	global $post;
	if ( has_post_thumbnail() && ( $post->post_type == 'post' || 'page' ) ) {
		the_post_thumbnail( '', array( 'class' => 'post-thumbnail-style' ) );
	}
	return $content;
}

The problem is, that on single event page, there are three of them. I adjusted single-event.php (copeid to child theme as descriped in guide), and by commenting the line <?php echo tribe_event_featured_image( $event_id, 'full', false );

removed one of those images. Second is a part of post, the thrid however is inserted a bit mysteriously. The code:

			<!-- Event content -->
			<?php do_action( 'tribe_events_single_event_before_the_content' ) ?>
			<div class="tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content">
				<?php the_content(); ?>
			</div>
			<!-- .tribe-events-single-event-description -->
			<?php do_action( 'tribe_events_single_event_after_the_content' ) ?>

			<!-- Event meta -->

results in the HTML code

      (code ommited)
      <!-- Event content -->
						<div class="tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content">
				<img (one featured image)/><p>(event_description)</p>
			</div>
			<!-- .tribe-events-single-event-description -->
			<img (second featured image)/><div class="tribe-events-cal-links">
      (code ommited)

The unwanted (second) featured image is generated by the code (the image vanishes when I remove it, but I don’t want to miss te iCal nad Google links):

do_action( 'tribe_events_single_event_after_the_content' )

I searched for “tribe_events_single_event_after_the_content” source, but I don’t know where to search and Google did not help with it…