Comprehensive WordPress Integration

Hi guys, im trying to implement wordpress into my website as a news management system. Forgive me for my lack of knowledge, ive just started using wordpress today 🙁 I have three questions, please bear with me:

1) Im currently using this code to display the Loop in my content area:

<?php if ( have_posts() ) : ?>

<?php /* The loop */ ?>
<?php while ( have_posts() ) : the_post(); ?>
<?php get_template_part( 'content', get_post_format() ); ?>
<?php endwhile; ?>

<?php twentythirteen_paging_nav(); ?>

<?php else : ?>
<?php get_template_part( 'content', 'none' ); ?>
<?php endif; ?>

this works well to an extent. the first question I have is, is there a way to modify that code so that instead of the default layout of the post we can edit it to add a subtitle and resemble this formatting and positioning?:

Article Title
Article Subtitle
Date                                       Category | Comments link
____________________________________________________________________
Article text article text article text article text article text
____________________________________________________________________
|________________________comments_typed_here________________________|
____________________________________________________________________
|                                                                   |
|                       comments appear here                        |
|                                                                   |
|___________________________________________________________________|

and also how am I able to manipulate the styles of these sections? eg. i want the article to include the comments directly below it, instead of when the comment link is clicked it takes you to the wordpress site comment page. where do i find all the files needed to be edited for this?

2) Using the code ive provided as the example, is there a way to fit that entire script into an else include() php script? So for example if im on the main page of my website im able to read all the wordpress articles, but if I click off the news page, the area shows the new page and not the wordpress articles anymore.

3) Damn, i knew there was a 3rd thing but as ive been typing this out ive forgotten it lol, i’ll post again if I remember, im sure it’ll come to me eventually

Thanks very much in advance guys, especially for reading all of this garbage 🙂

Cheers!