Only one of those link errors should have anything to do with the broken pages and I took it out, it was just an attempt to link to the page in question.
The permalinks are set to month and name and they've always worked fine, I can change them around without any problems.
It appears that my htaccess file is writable but after upgrading the permissions to the entire world and publishing new pages, it doesn't change and the pages still don't appear.
This is what's in it, if it helps:
# BEGIN WordPress
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /blog/
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /blog/index.php [L]
</IfModule>
# END WordPress