SEO-friendly redirect issue

When linking internally, I use shortlinks as opposed to permalinks. That way if the page ever gets moved, I don’t have to hunt down all the links and update them.

1. Now, since the site is set to use permalinks, does that mean that my shortlinks are redidercted with a 301 or a 302 redirect?

Normally I could simply look at my links to figure this out, but I’m working on a site that is currently sitting on a server that is not accessible by computers without a hosts file mod (no way for me to check HTTP status code).

2. If the WordPress automatically does a 302 redirect to a premalink version of a page, is there a way to force it to do a 301 across all shortlinks?