Well, I had a fairly detailed fix explained, then WordPress ate it. *sigh*
Basically, I followed steps 1-2 in Nate's instructions here. My problem was that simply installing phpMyAdmin through WordPress did not give me enough privileges to change the field I needed to change. I really needed to use Yahoo's tools.
NOTE: don't make my mistake and install in your blog directory. The installation of phpMyAdmin will cause the url to show the phpMyAdmin login and hide your blog. Deleting the phpMyAdmin files in that directory will cause the blog to reappear.
Once in the "wp_posts" table in phpMyAdmin, I followed Gritskrieg's instructions and added the 'pending' and 'future' types into the "post_status" field. The blog is now working properly.