Modify home page posts

I’ve been using Joomla for several years now and figured I’d give WordPress a try, but so far it’s proving to be a very frustrating experience 🙁

Why is it that I can’t add a picture within a post and have it appear on the front page instead of only on the post page? I selected a “Featured image” but I’d like to add a “Click here” image at the bottom of the post.

Additionally I’d also like to add a different style to the text at the bottom of the post, but it just strips all the formatting on the post on the first page but appears fine on the post page.

I’m having a hard time understanding what is preventing me from accomplishing such a simple task?

Thanks for any help 🙂