It's possible. You have to get the images attached to the post with:
$args = array(
'post_type' => 'attachment',
'post_parent' => $post->ID,
'post_status' => 'inherit',
'post_mime_type' => 'image',
);
Query them
$attachments = new WP_Query( $args );
$attachments->get_posts();
$output = '';
foreach( $attachments->posts as $attachment ) {
$image_src = wp_get_attachment_image_src( $attachment->ID, 'large');
$output .= '<a href="'. $image_src[0] .'" rel="lightbox[post-1]" class="hidden"></a>';
}
Where you have your featured image, you also link to the image src of the thumbnail:
<?php
$image = wp_get_attachment_image_src( get_post_thumbnail_id( $post->ID ), 'single-post-thumbnail' );
?>
<a href="<?php $image[0]; ?>" rel="post-1">
the_post_thumbnail( 'thumbnail-size');
</a>
Then you have to load the JavaScripts in your functions.php, take a look at wp_enqueue_script()