You can modify the layout of your custom post type by creating/editing the template file for that post type.
as an example, if your post type is called ‘products’, you’d use a file called single-products.php. If that file doesn’t exist you can copy it from single.php in your theme – but be sure to use a child theme so your changes don’t get lost on any future updates!
Sorry, I omitted to specify I would do this of my custom post type edit panel in the wordpress admin screens.
OK then, that may make it a lot harder. Unless you have a template file that is directly made for that content type (single-products.php, content-products.php, etc…) then you can’t do it through the built-in theme editor. That editor doesn’t create files, it only lets you edit files that are already there.
To add columns to the custom post type table on the admin screen, refer to these pages:
http://codex.wordpress.org/Plugin_API/Action_Reference/manage_$post_type_posts_custom_column
http://codex.wordpress.org/Plugin_API/Filter_Reference/manage_edit-post_type_columns
While doing so is typically done with a plugin, I believe it can be done by adding code to your theme’s functions.php, though you are better off creating a child theme to contain and protect your custom code.
