Facebook "Like" does not generate image

When the “Like” button is clicked on an article from my site ( http://liberonetwork.com ) Rather than showing the standard facebook post with the image and a summary of text, it shows this: http://www.liberonetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/like-button-problem.jpg

And when you click on the link, rather than taking you to the standard URL (which for this link should be: liberonetwork.com/therapy-for-anxiety, the URL that appears in the browser is: http://www.liberonetwork.com/therapy-for-anxiety?fb_action_ids=10151803291225865&fb_action_types=og.likes&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map={%2210151803291225865%22%3A145724265637940}&action_type_map={%2210151803291225865%22%3A%22og.likes%22}&action_ref_map=[]

NOTE: once I run the link to the post through the Facebook Debugger, the Like button works normally again. (it even updated my Facebook “like” post so it looked normal. See image: http://www.liberonetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/like-button-2.jpg << I did not “re-like” the post, this generated automatically after running the URL through the debugger.

Any fixes/explanations for this problem?

Also note: The only plugin I am using for Facebook Like button is the Jetpack for wordpress one that puts the like button at the bottom of each post.

Thanks!